WHAT IS EXPLORATION?
We are all explores. Our desire to discover, and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of what makes us human – indeed, this has played an important part in our success as a species. Long before the first caveman slumped down beside the fire and grunted news that there were plenty of wildebeest over yonder, our ancestors had learnt the value of sending out scouts to investigate the unknown. This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor negotiate the subways of New York.
Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a peculiar breed – different from the rest of us, different from those of us who are merely ‘well travelled’, even; and perhaps there is a type of person more suited to seeking out the new, a type of caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That, however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in all sorts of professions – whether artist, marine biologist or astronomer – borders of the unknown are being tested each day.
Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears of his characters. He is delving into matters we all recognise because they are common to humanity. This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones. The traveller ‘who has for weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country in which he has no roots and no background, suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain people’.
In this book about the exploration of the earth’s surface, I have confined myself to those whose travels were real and who also aimed at more than personal discovery. But that still left me with another problem: the word ‘explorer’ has become associated with a past era. We think back to a golden age, as if exploration peaked somehow in the 19th century – as if the process of discovery is now on the decline, though the truth is that we have named only one and a half million of this planet’s species, and there may be more than 10 million – and that’s not including bacteria. We have studied only 5 per cent of the species we know. We have scarcely mapped the ocean floors, and know even less about ourselves; we fully understand the workings of only 10 per cent of our brains.
Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the ‘greatest living explorer’, said, ‘An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before – and also done something scientifically useful.’ Chris Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration was to be found in the act of physically touching the unknown: ‘You have to have gone somewhere new.’ Then Robin Hanbury-Tenison, a campaigner on behalf of remote so-called ‘tribal’ peoples, said, ‘A traveller simply records information about some far-off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes the world.’ Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told me, ‘If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt.’ To him, exploration meant bringing back information from a remote place regardless of any great self-discovery.
Each definition is slightly different – and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian would say exploration was a thing of the past, the cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the present. And so on. They each set their own particular criteria; the common factor in their approach being that they all had, unlike many of us who simply enjoy travel or discovering new things, both a very definite objective from the outset and also a desire to record their findings.
I’d best declare my own bias. As a writer, I’m interested in the exploration of ideas. I’ve done a great many expeditions and each one was unique. I’ve lived for months alone with isolated groups of people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted tribes’. But none of these things is of the slightest interest to anyone unless, through my books, I’ve found a new slant, explored a new idea. Why? Because the world has moved on. The time has long passed for the great continental voyages – another walk to the poles, another crossing of the Empty Quarter. We know how the land surface of our planet lies; exploration of it is now down to the details – the habits of microbes, say, or the grazing behaviour of buffalo. Aside from the deep sea and deep underground, it’s the era of specialists. However, this is to disregard the role the human mind has in conveying remote places; and this is what interests me: how a fresh interpretation, even of a well-travelled route, can give its readers new insights.
Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
27 The writer refers to visitors to New York to illustrate the point that
A exploration is an intrinsic element of being human.
B most people are enthusiastic about exploring.
C exploration can lead to surprising results.
D most people find exploration daunting.
28 According to the second paragraph, what is the writer’s view of explorers?
A Their discoveries have brought both benefits and disadvantages.
B Their main value is in teaching others.
C They act on an urge that is common to everyone.
D They tend to be more attracted to certain professions than to others.
29 The writer refers to a description of Egdon Heath to suggest that
A Hardy was writing about his own experience of exploration.
B Hardy was mistaken about the nature of exploration.
C Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states.
D Hardy’s aim was to show the attraction of isolation.
30 In the fourth paragraph, the writer refers to ‘a golden age’ to suggest that
A the amount of useful information produced by exploration has decreased.
B fewer people are interested in exploring than in the 19th century.
C recent developments have made exploration less exciting.
D we are wrong to think that exploration is no longer necessary.
31 In the sixth paragraph, when discussing the definition of exploration, the writer argues that
A people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests.
B certain people are likely to misunderstand the nature of exploration.
C the generally accepted definition has changed over time.
D historians and scientists have more valid definitions than the general public.
32 In the last paragraph, the writer explains that he is interested in
A how someone’s personality is reflected in their choice of places to visit.
B the human ability to cast new light on places that may be familiar.
C how travel writing has evolved to meet changing demands.
D the feelings that writers develop about the places that they explore.
Questions 33-37
Look at the following statements (Questions 33-37) and the list of explorers below.
Match each statement with the correct explorer, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
33 He referred to the relevance of the form of transport used.
34 He described feelings on coming back home after a long journey.
35 He worked for the benefit of specific groups of people.
36 He did not consider learning about oneself an essential part of exploration.
37 He defined exploration as being both unique and of value to others.
List of Explorers
A Peter Fleming
B Ran Fiennes
C Chris Bonington
D Robin Hanbury-Tenison
E Wilfred Thesiger
Questions 38-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
The writer’s own bias
The writer has experience of a large number of 38………………., and was the first stranger that certain previously 39………………… people had encountered. He believes there is no need for further exploration of Earth’s 40…………………., except to answer specific questions such as how buffalo eat.
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
27. Answer: A. Exploration is an intrinsic element of being human.
Key words: New York, intrinsic, enthusiastic, surprising results, daunting
Visitors to New York were mentioned in the first paragraph as an example for the statement preceding it: “This questing nature of ours undoubtedly helped our species spread around the globe”, where “questing” is the same as “exploring” and “nature” refers to the “intrinsic element”. This example then illustrates how exploring, as an intrinsic element of human nature or behaviour, helps a visitor find directions in subways of a strange city like New York. Therefore, A is the answer.
- exploring = questing
- intrinsic element = nature
28. Answer: C. They act on an urge that is common to everyone.
Key words: second paragraph, benefits and disadvantages, teaching, common, certain professions
Paragraph 2 starts by stating people’s assumption that explorers are odd (peculiar = odd/strange), and that there is a type of person more suited for exploring, so we might be inclined to choose answer D. However, eventually, the author counters that idea by asserting that “we all have this enquiring instinct”. “Instinct” here can be understood as “urge”, and the fact that “we all have” means that it is “common to everyone”. It can then be inferred that the exploring urge, in other words the desire to explore, is common to everyone, so the answer is C.
- urge = instinct
29. Answer: C. Hardy’s aim was to investigate people’s emotional states.
Key words: Egdon Heath, experience, mistaken, emotional states, attraction of isolation
In paragraph 3, it is stated that the Egdon Heath landscape was used to “suggest the desires and fears of his Thomas Hardy’s characters.” Hereby The words “desires and fears” can be generally called “emotional states”. In other words, the description of Egdon Heath is used to show the emotional states of his characters, which who are later referred to as “humanity”, understood as “people”. Therefore, we could infer that the answer is C.
-
people = humanity
30. Answer: D we are wrong to think that exploration is no longer necessary.
Key words: fourth paragraph, golden age, useful information, decreased, fewer, interested, less exciting, wrong, no longer necessary
Paragraph 4 begins by stating that: “the word ‘explorer’ has become associated with a past era”, which expresses the idea that exploring is perceived to be important only in the past but not the present. This ‘golden age’ is widely considered to be the 19th century, but now exploration has declined. Following are multiple The following “as if” statement s to show a sense of disagreement shows that the writer disagrees with this idea. Moreover, the The author continues with the number that shows argues that we have only studied 5% of the species we know, which conveys that there is still a huge space area of knowledge to explore, implying a counter argument against the idea that exploring is no longer necessary at present. Therefore, D is the answer.
31. Answer: A. people tend to relate exploration to their own professional interests
Key words: definition, own professional interested, misunderstand, changed, historians and scientists, more value
The first sentence in paragraph 6 clearly states that: “Each definition is slightly different – and tends to reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer.” Hereby, The word “definition” can be understood as how each person relates to the subject mentioned meaning of the word ‘exploration’, and “field of endeavour” is also “professional interest”. Therefore, it can be understood as the idea that each person would relate exploration to his own professional interests. As a result, A is the answer.
-
interest = endeavour
32. Answer: B the human ability to cast new light on places that may be familiar.
Key words: last paragraph, personality, choice of places, human ability new light, travel writing, evolve, changing demands feelings
In the last paragraph, the author states what interests him in the last sentence: “how a fresh interpretation, even of a well-travelled route, can give its readers new insights.” “Giving new insight” or a “fresh interpretation” could here be understood as the act of “casting new light” on something, and being “well-travelled” means that the route is seen as “familiar”. Thus, it might be inferred that the author is interested in how new light could be cast on places that are familiar, so the answer is B.
- cast new light on = give new insight
QUESTIONS 33 – 37: LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS (QUESTIONS 33-37) AND THE LIST OF EXPLORERS BELOW.MATCH EACH STATEMENT WITH THE CORRECT EXPLORER, A-E
33. Answer: E
Key words: form of transport
The types of transport are brought up in paragraph 5 in the saying statement: “If I’d gone across by camel when I could have gone by car, it would have been a stunt”, where “camel” and “car” are the different forms of transport used. This is said by Wilfred Thesiger, so E is the answer.
34. Answer: A
Key words: feeling, coming back home
Back to paragraph 3, Peter Fleming “talks of the moment when the explorer returns to the existence he has left behind with his loved ones”. In this context, “the existence he has left behind” shall be understood as the “home” he has left for in order to undertake the journey, and “talking of the moment” might refer to the act of “describing feelings”. Therefore, it can be inferred that Peter Fleming described feelings on coming back home after a long journey, so the answer is A.
35. Answer: D
Key words: benefit, specific groups of people
In paragraph 5, specific groups of people were brought up referred to as “‘tribal’ people”, of for whom Robin Hanbury-Tenison worked on behalf as a campaigner. In other words, Robin Hanbury-Tenison was said to work for the benefit of specific groups of people, so D is the answer here.
36. Answer: E
Key words: not essential, learning about oneself essential
The last sentence in paragraph 5 states that to Wilfred Thesiger, “exploration meant … regardless of any great self-discovery.” The word “regardless” here shows that “self-discovery”- which could be understood as “learning about oneself” – is not an essential part of exploration. Therefore, the statement in this question is the idea of Wilfred Thesiger, suggesting E as the answer.
- earning about oneself = self-discovery
37. Answer: B
Key words: unique, of value
The first explorer mentioned in paragraph 5, Ran Fiennes, said that “An explorer is someone who has done something that no human has done before – and also done something scientifically useful”; there are two phrases we could look into here. “Something that no human has done before” is the description of something that is “unique”, and “something scientifically useful” is something “of value”. Therefore, Ran Fiennes is the one that has the definition of exploration as described in the statement, suggesting that B is the answer.
QUESTIONS 38 – 40: COMPLETE THE SUMMARY BELOW. CHOOSE NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE FOR EACH ANSWER.
38. Answer: (unique) expeditions
Key words: large number, first stranger, encountered
The author states that: “I’ve done a great many expeditions and each one was unique”. As “a great many” is the same as “a large number of”, the noun that we would fill in the first gap (38) should be “expeditions”. Moreover, the described adjective “unique” used in the passage could also be added, making our full answer “(unique) expeditions”.
Moreover, the writer had also “lived for months alone with isolated groups of people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted tribes’”. As “uncontacted tribes” refers to those who might have never encountered any person outside theirs own isolated group, the writer could have been the first one to make contact with them, so the answer shall be is either “uncontacted” (to be specific) or “isolated” in general.
- a large number = a great many
39. Answer: uncontacted / isolated
Key words: large number, first stranger, encountered
The author states that: “I’ve done a great many expeditions and each one was unique”. As “a great many” is the same as “a large number of”, the noun that we would fill in the first gap (38) should be “expeditions”. Moreover, the described adjective “unique” used in the passage could also be added, making our full answer “(unique) expeditions”.
Moreover, the writer had also “lived for months alone with isolated groups of people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted tribes’”. As “uncontacted tribes” refers to those who might have never encountered any person outside theirs own isolated group, the writer could have been the first one to make contact with them, so the answer shall be is either “uncontacted” (to be specific) or “isolated” in general.
- a large number = a great many
40. Answer: (land) surface
Key words: no need, further exploration
The writer first says that “the time has long passed for the great continental voyages”, and the reason is that “we know how the land surface of our planet lies; exploration of it is now down to the details”, and that “it’s the era of specialists”. It could therefore be inferred that the author believes there is no need for further exploration of the “land surface”, as the mechanism it is now known and there are more specialists to explore the details of it. Thus, “land surface” shall be is the answer for question 40.
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