TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
WHY PAGODAS DON’T FALL DOWN
Read the Passage to answer the Following Questions
1.In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it leveled a number of buildings in the neighborhood.
2. Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo - Japan's first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.
3. Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five meters into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?
4. The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.
5. The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
6. But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.
7. And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake-table' in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbors above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the center of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.
8. Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five-storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual stories of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.
9. And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.
Questions (1-4)
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.
Answer: Yes
Supporting Sentence: Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years.
Keyword: collapsed, 1400
Keyword Location: Paragraph A, 2nd line
Explanation: As per the passage, only 2 Japanese pagodas have collapsed in the last 1400 years. Hence, the answer is correct.
2. The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.
Answer: No
Supporting Sentence: Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it leveled a number of buildings in the neighborhood.
Keyword: Hanshin, pagoda, Toji temple
Keyword Location: Paragraph A,
Explanation: As per the passage, the Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed many buildings but the pagoda at the Toji temple was unharmed. Hence, the answer is “No”
3. The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.
Answer: Not Given
4. The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.
Answer: Yes
Supporting Sentence: Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls.
Keyword: builders
Keyword Location: Paragraph D, line 5
Explanation: As per the passage, due to Japan’s extreme weather conditions, the builders knew how to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. Hence, “Yes” is the correct answer.
Questions (5-10)
Classify the following as typical of
A both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B only Chinese pagodas
C only Japanese pagodas
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.
5. easy interior access to top
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers.
Keyword: Chinese, inner
Keyword Location: Paragraph D, 3rd line
Explanation: As per the passage, the chinese pagodas had an inner staircase which was used for watchtowers, which is at the top. Hence, answer B is the correct option.
6. tiles on eaves
Answer: A
Supporting Sentence: For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
Keyword: tiles, eaves
Keyword Location: Paragraph E
Explanation: As per the passage, it is clearly mentioned that the builders of japanese pagodas used tiles to cover eaves similar to japanese pagodas. Hence, “A” is the correct answer.
7. use as observation post
Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers.
Keyword: watchtowers
Keyword Location: Paragraph D, 3rd line
Explanation: As per the passage, the chinese pagodas had an inner staircase which was used to climb up to watchtowers or observational posts, which is at the top. Hence, answer B is the correct option.
8. size of eaves up to half the width of the building
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty percent or more of the building's overall width.
Keyword: fifty percent
Keyword Location: Paragraph E, 1st line
Explanation: As per the passage, the Japanese temples can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty percent or more of the building's overall width. These are extended eaves. Hence, “C” is the correct answer.
9. original religious purpose
Answer: A
Supporting Sentence: As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples
Keyword: temples, buddhism
Keyword Location: Paragraph D, 2nd line
Explanation: After first introduced in China with Buddhism, pagodas were attached to the temples. Hence, they had religious purposes originally. Later it came to Japan and served the same purpose.
10. floors fitting loosely over each other
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another.
Keyword: loose, stack, floor
Keyword Location: Paragraph G, 6th line
Explanation: The early craftsmen in Japan found by trial and error that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither. Hence, we can conclude that the floors were loosely fitted over each other.
Questions (11-13)
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11. In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashira
A bears the full weight of the building.
B bends under pressure like a tree.
C connects the floors with the foundations.
D stops the floors moving too far.
Answer: D
Supporting Sentence: The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the center of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.
Keyword: shinbashira, too far
Keyword Location: Paragraph G, last line
Explanation: As per the passage, the shinbashira running up through a hole in the center of the building, stopped individual storeys from moving too far. Hence, the answer is correct.
12. Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order to
A improve skyscraper design.
B be able to build new pagodas.
C learn about the dynamics of pagodas.
D understand ancient mathematics.
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: Mr Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake-table' in his laboratory.
Keyword: understand, Ishida
Keyword Location: Paragraph G, 2nd line
Explanation: In the whole paragraph G, the author speaks how Mr. Ishida ha a passion to understand pagodas or learn about the dynamics. Hence, the answer is correct.
13. The storeys of a Japanese pagoda are
A linked only by wood.
B fastened only to the central pillar.
C fitted loosely on top of each other.
D joined by special weights.
Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another.
Keyword: loose, stack
Keyword Location: Paragraph G, 6th line
Explanation: The early craftsmen in Japan found by trial and error that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither. Hence, we can conclude that the floors were loosely fitted over each other.
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