TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 3
EDUCATING PSYCHE
Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning. One theory discussed in the book is that proposed by George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion.
Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing (which he calls non-specific mental reactivity) are more durable than those made through conscious processing. Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. If we think of a book we studied months or years ago, we will find it easier to recall peripheral details - the colour, the binding, the typeface, the table at the library where we sat while studying it - than the content on which we were concentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration, we will recall the lecturer's appearance and mannerisms, our place in the auditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning, much more easily than the ideas we went to learn. Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, they come back readily in hypnosis or when we relive the event imaginatively, as in psychodrama. The details of the content of the lecture, on the other hand, seem to have gone forever.
This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the common counterproductive approach to study (making extreme efforts to memorise, tensing muscles, inducing fatigue), but it also simply reflects the way the brain functions. Lozanov therefore made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral. The curriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain.
The suggestopedic approach to foreign language learning provides a good illustration. In its most recent variant (1980), it consists of the reading of vocabulary and text while the class is listening to music. The first session is in two parts. In the first part, the music is classical (Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms) and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamics of the music. The students follow the text in their books. This is followed by several minutes of silence. In the second part, they listen to baroque music (Bach, Corelli, Handel) while the teacher reads the text in a normal speaking voice. During this time they have their books closed. During the whole of this session, their attention is passive; they listen to the music but make no attempt to learn the material.
Beforehand, the students have been carefully prepared for the language learning experience. Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that they will successfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language during the class. In a preliminary talk, the teacher introduces them to the material to be covered, but does not 'teach' it. Likewise, the students are instructed not to try to learn it during this introduction.
Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented. Once again the approach is indirect. The students do not focus their attention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but focus on using the language to communicate (e.g. through games or improvised dramatisations). Such methods are not unusual in language teaching. What is distinctive in the suggestopedic method is that they are devoted entirely to assisting recall. The 'learning' of the material is assumed to be automatic and effortless, accomplished while listening to music. The teacher's task is to assist the students to apply what they have learned paraconsciously, and in doing so to make it easily accessible to consciousness. Another difference from conventional teaching is the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom.
Lozanov experimented with teaching by direct suggestion during sleep, hypnosis and trance states, but found such procedures unnecessary. Hypnosis, yoga, Silva mind-control, religious ceremonies and faith healing are all associated with successful suggestion, but none of their techniques seem to be essential to it. Such rituals may be seen as placebos. Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brains. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective. Just as a doctor calls on the full power of autocratic suggestion by insisting that the patient take precisely this white capsule precisely three times a day before meals, Lozanov is categoric in insisting that the suggestopedic session be conducted exactly in the manner designated, by trained and accredited suggestopedic teachers.
While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. We can, perhaps, attribute mediocre results to an inadequate placebo effect. The students have not developed the appropriate mind set. They are often not motivated to learn through this method. They do not have enough 'faith'. They do not see it as 'real teaching', especially as it does not seem to involve the 'work' they have learned to believe is essential to learning.
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27. The book Educating Psyche is mainly concerned with
A. the power of suggestion in learning.
B. a particular technique for learning based on emotions.
C. the effects of emotion on the imagination and the unconscious.
D. ways of learning which are not traditional.
Answer: D
Supporting sentence: Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book that looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination, and the unconscious on learning
Keywords: book, Educating Psyche, mainly, concerned with
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section A
Explanation: "Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book that looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination, and the unconscious on learning," says the first line of paragraph no. 1.
28. Lozanov’s theory claims that when we try to remember things,
A. unimportant details are the easiest to recall.
B. concentrating hard produces the best results.
C. the most significant facts are most easily recalled.
D. peripheral vision is not important.
Answer: A
Supporting sentence: Lozanov's instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing (which he calls non-specific mental reactivity) are more durable than those made through conscious processing.
Keywords: Lozanov’s theory, claims, we try to remember things
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section B
Explanation: Look at paragraph number 2, where the author says, "Lozanov's instructional technique is based on evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing are more durable than those made through conscious processing."
29. In this passage, the author uses the examples of a book and a lecture to illustrate that
A. both of these are important for developing concentration.
B. his theory about methods of learning is valid.
C. reading is a better technique for learning than listening.
D. we can remember things more easily under hypnosis.
Answer: B
Supporting sentence: If we think of a book we studied months or years ago, we will find it easier to recall peripheral details - the color, the binding, the typeface, the table at the library where we sat while studying it - than the content on which we were concentrating.
Keywords: examples of a book and a lecture
Keywords Location: 6th Line, Section B
Explanation: Take a look at paragraph no. 2, lines 6-11 again, where the writer says, "........ If we think of a book we studied months or years ago, we find it easier to recall peripheral details...... than the content on which we were concentrating." We recall the lecturer's appearance and mannerism much more easily than the ideas we went to learn if we recall a lecture we listened to with great concentration."
30. Lozanov claims that teachers should train students to
A. memorize details of the curriculum.
B. develop their own sets of indirect instructions.
C. think about something other than the curriculum content.
D. avoids overloading the capacity of the brain.
Answer: C
Supporting sentence: Lozanov, therefore, made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral. The curriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the reserve capacity of the brain.
Keywords: Lozanov claims, teachers should, train students
Keywords Location: 3rd Line, Section C
Explanation: "Lozanov, therefore, made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system," the writer says in lines 3-6 of paragraph no. 3. In his method, suggestopedia, as he called it, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something tangential. The curriculum then becomes peripheral and is dealt with by the brain's reserve capacity." These lines indicate that he suggests making the curriculum unimportant by focusing on something else in order to remember it better.
Questions 31 - 36:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 31 – 36 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
31. In the example of suggestopedic teaching in the fourth paragraph, the only variable that changes is the music.
Answer: FALSE
Supporting sentence: In the first part, the music is classical (Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms) and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamics of the music.
Keywords: suggestopedic teaching, fourth paragraph, only variable, changes, music
Keywords Location: 4th Line, Section D
Explanation: "... In the first part, the music is classical, and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamic of the music," the author writes in paragraph no. 4. "In the second part, they listen to baroque music while the teacher reads the text aloud." Furthermore, the paragraph informs us that in the first section, students "follow the text in their books....," but in the second section, "... they have their books closed." So, music isn't the only variable that shifts; their reading styles do as well.
32. Prior to the suggestopedia class, students are made aware that the language experience will be demanding.
Answer: FALSE
Supporting sentence: Through meeting with the staff and satisfied students they develop the expectation that learning will be easy and pleasant and that they will successfully learn several hundred words of the foreign language during the class
Keywords: prior to, suggestopedia class, students, made aware, language experience, will be demanding
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section E
Explanation: The author states in paragraph 5 that "...beforehand, the students had been carefully prepared for the language learning experience." They develop the expectation that learning will be easy and enjoyable by meeting with staff and satisfied students..." The lines indicate that the students believe that the language experience will not be difficult or demanding.
33. In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.
Answer: TRUE
Supporting sentence: Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented.
Keywords: follow-up class, teaching activities, similar to, conventional classes
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section F
Explanation: "...there is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented," writes the author in paragraph no. 6. The students...... concentrate on communicating with the language (e.g. through games or improvised dramatizations). Such methods are not uncommon in language instruction." As a result, the statement is a direct answer to the question.
34. As an indirect benefit, students notice improvements in their memory.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
35. Teachers say they prefer suggestopedia to traditional approaches to language teaching.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
36. Students in a suggestopedia class retain more new vocabulary than those in ordinary classes.
Answer: TRUE
Supporting sentence: Another difference from conventional teaching is the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom.
Keywords: students, suggestopedia class, retain, more, new vocabulary, than, ordinary class
Keywords Location: Last Line, Section F
Explanation: "Another difference from conventional teaching is evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom," says the last sentence of paragraph no. 6. As a result, the writer implies that this total of 1000 words is greater than what they would learn in a typical class. As a result, the statement is a direct answer to the question.
Questions 37 - 40:
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.
Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 37 – 40 on your answer sheet.
Suggestopedia uses a less direct method of suggestion than other techniques such as hypnosis. However, Lozanov admits that a certain amount of 37….. is necessary in order to convince students, even if this is just a 38….. Furthermore, if the method is to succeed, teachers must follow a set procedure. Although Lozanov's method has become quite 39…… the results of most other teachers using this method have been 40……
A. spectacular
B. teaching
C. lesson
D. authoritarian
E. unpopular
F. ritual
G. unspectacular
H. placebo
I. involved
J. appropriate
K. well known
Question 37:
Answer: F (rituals)
Supporting sentence: Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective.
Keywords: suggestopedia, less direct method, than other techniques, hypnosis, Lozanov, admits, certain amount
Keywords Location: 5th Line, Section G
Explanation: "Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo, people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain." To be effective, it, like any placebo, must be administered with authority."
Question 38:
Answer: H (placebo)
Supporting sentence: Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain. Like any placebo, it must be dispensed with authority to be effective.
Keywords: necessary, to convince students, even, just
Keywords Location: 8th Line, Section G
Explanation: "Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo, people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brain." To be effective, it, like any placebo, must be administered with authority."
Question 39:
Answer: K (well known)
Supporting sentence: While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates.
Keywords: furthermore, if, the method, to succeed, teachers must follow, set procedure, Lozanov’s methods, become
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section H
Explanation: The solutions can be found in paragraph 8. "While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates," the writer begins the final paragraph.
Question 40:
Answer: G (unspectacular)
Supporting sentence: While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates.
Keywords: result, most other teachers, using this method
Keywords Location: 1st Line, Section H
Explanation: So, the author explains that, while Lozanov's method is successful/well-known, the results obtained by the majority of teachers who use his system have not been very good/spectacular. We need two adjectives here: one to describe Lozanov's "method," and another to describe "the results."
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