REPORTED SPEECH_ CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (PART 1)
Direct speech and Reported speech
I. Definition:
1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy (,) hoặc dấu hai chấm (:).
- Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.
Ex: "I don't like this party" Bill said.
2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/ reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said that he didn't like that party.
II. Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp:
1. Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp):
* Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
- Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi.
Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, "the text is difficult".
He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
- Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi.
Eg: My teacher said "The sun rises in the East"
My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
He said, "My father always drinks coffee after dinner."
He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner.
- Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên.
Eg: He said, "I will come to your house tomorrow."
He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
- Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:
Eg: He said: "If I knew her address, I would write to her."
He said that he would write to her If he knew her address
Eg: She said, "If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle."
She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
Eg: The teacher said, "If John had studied harder, he wouldn't have failed his exam."
The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn't have failed his exam.
Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp.
Eg: The advertisement said "If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar."
The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly.
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau "wish"
Eg: He said; "I wish I had a lot of money."
He wishes (that) he had a lot of money.
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau "It's (high/ about) time."
Eg: She said; "It's about time you went to bed, children."
She told her children that It's about time they went to bed.
- Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau "would rather, would sooner"
Eg: She said; "I would rather you stayed at home."
She said that she would rather I stayed at hone.
- Không thay đổi thì của:
Could, would, might, should và Ought, had better, need trong câu nói gián tiếp
Nhưng must -> had to/ must
Eg: She said; "I could do the homework."
She said the she could do the homework.
- Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
Eg: He said, "I was born in 1980."
He said that he was born in 1980.
- Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn.
Eg: "I saw him when he was going to the cinema."
She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema.
2. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
Đại từ nhân xưng
Chủ ngữ
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
I He, she
We They
You They/ he/ she/ I
Tân ngữ
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
Me Him/ her
Us Them
You Them/ him/ her
Tính từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
My His/ her
Our Their
Your Their/ his/her/ my
Đại từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
Mine Him/ hers
Ours Theirs
Yours Theirs/ his/ hers
3. Thay đổi về từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
* Chú ý:
- Nếu tường thuật vẫn ở cùng một địa điểm và thời gian, chúng ta không thay đổi thì của động từ, tính từ chỉ định và trạng ngữ thời gian và nơi chốn.
Eg: He said "I will come here to take this book tonight".
An hour ago he said he will come here to take this book tonight.
- Thêm liên từ vào câu tường thuật chỉ nguyên nhân.
Eg: She said "I am very tired I have worked overnight."
She said she was very tires because she had been worked.
III. Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp
1. Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)
S + said (to + O) + that S + V......
S + told + O + that S + V....
Eg: "We will have a test tomorrow", my teacher said.
-> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.
* Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed...
BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
Exercise 1: Chuyển các câu sau về dạng câu trần thuật
1. “If the weather is fine, I will go on a picnic with my friends,” she said.
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2. “What would you do if you had three days off ?” I asked him.
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3. “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Jim” she said.
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4. “I’m sure she will help you if you ask her.” , he told me.
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5. “If Today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school.” They said to me.
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6. She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her about this.”
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7. “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.”
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8. “You will be surprised if you meet him.” , Peter said to Linda.
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9.The boy said : “I won’t be strong if I don’t swim everyday.”
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10. “What would you do if you saw a snake ?” Nam asked Nga.
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11. “We’ll have lunch outside in the garden if it’s not cold.” ,Mr John said.
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12. “Tom would win more races if he trained hard.” , The man said.
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13. “If you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.” David said to me.
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14. “If you isn’t eating so much junk food, you would be a lot fitter.” Mother said.
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15. “I will be surprised if Mary doesn’t pass the exam.” , our teacher said.
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16. “If I knew her hobbies, I could let you know.” He said to me.
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17. “If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.” , the man said.
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18. “If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a big mistakes.”
Julia said to LiLi.
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Exercise 2: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất.
1. Jack asked me _____.
A. where do you come from? B. where I came from
B. where I came from D. where did I come from?
2. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.
A.when B.what C.if D.x
3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.
A.told B.tell C. have told D. are telling
4. I wanted to know_____ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
5. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.
A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B
6. What did that man say ______?
A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you
7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.
A. is B. were C. has been D. was
8. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.
A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising
9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.
A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling
10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______ week.
A. ago B. following C. next D. previous
11. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.
A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked
12. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.
A. admitting that B. was admitted that C. admitted that D. admit that
13. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ that day.
A. that B. the C. then D. this
14. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what B. when C. where D. whether
15. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.
A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that
16. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.
A. are B. were C. was D. should be
17. Ann ______ and left.
A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye
18. I told you ______ switch off the computer, didn’t I ?
A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not
19. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.
A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to
20. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.
A. asked her B. asked C. ask D.have asked her
ĐÁP ÁN
Exercise 1:
1. She said if the weather was fine, she would go on a picnic with her friends.
2. I asked him what he would do if he had (had) three days off.
3. She told Jim that she would have come if she had known his address.
4. He told me that he was sure she would help if I asked her.
5. They told me if that day were Sunday, we wouldn't go to school
6. She told me that if she were me, she wouldn't tell her about that
7 . If a lot of guest came, there would not be enough seats.
8. Peter told Linda that she would be surprised if she met him.
9. The boy said that he would not be strong if he did not swim everyday.
10. Nam asked Nga what she would do if she had seen a snake?
11. Mr John said that they would have lunch outside in the garden if it was not cold.
12. The man said that Tom would have won more races if he had trained.
13. David told me to phone him that night if I felt like a chat.
14. My mother told me that I would be a lot fitter if I was not eating so much junk food.
15. Our teacher said that she would be surprised of Mary did not pass the exam.
16. He told me that he could have let me known if he had known her hobbies.
17. The man said that he would have bought a new car if he had won the lottery.
18. Julia told LilLi that she would not have made such a big mistake if she had listened to Julia’s advice.
Exercise 2:
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. D
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. A
XEM THÊM CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (PHẦN 2)
XEM THÊM CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (PHẦN 3)
XEM THÊM CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (PHẦN 4)
