THE CONTEXT, MEANING AND SCOPE OF TOURISM
A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions. In 1992’ the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer the almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion direct indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.
D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 203 has five paragraphs, A-E. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Economic and social significance of tourism
ii. The development of mass tourism
iii. Travel for the wealthy
iv. Earning foreign exchange through tourism
v. Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
vi. The contribution of air travel to tourism
vii. The world impact of tourism
viii. The history of travel
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 203?
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
6. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
7. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
8. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
9. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
10. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11. In Greece, tourism the most important....................... .
12. The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major....................... .
13. The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of....................... .
LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT
1. ii
Paragraph B
In this paragraph, the history of the development of the industry began during the industrial revolution with “the advent of mass tourism… in England”. The author then indicates that the creation of the commercial airline industry and the development of the jet aircraft signalled the rapid growth of international travel, which led to “the development of a major new industry: tourism”. So, the main idea of paragraph B is how mass tourism developed.
=>ANSWER: ii (The development of mass tourism)
2. i
Paragraph C
The first sentence of paragraph C is also the main idea of this paragraph: “Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance”. The writer provides many examples and facts to demonstrate that tourism is the world’s leading industrial contributor, followed by a conclusion: “tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.” So, this paragraph emphasizes the importance of tourism in terms of economy and society.
– significance=importance
=>ANSWER: i (Economic and social significance of tourism)
3. v
Paragraph D
The first sentence of paragraph D is also its main idea. “The major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself”. This means that there is a difficulty in recognising the effects of tourism on economy, because it is diverse and fragemented, unlike industrial factories for example.
– difficulty in recognising=hidden or obscured
– effect=impact
=>ANSWER: v: Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
4. vii
Paragraph E
In paragraph E, the author argues that “travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population…Tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations…” This means that travel and tourism have a profound impact on many countries around the world.
– world=international
=>ANSWER: vii: The world impact of tourism
5. TRUE
Question: The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
Keywords: largest figures, employment, tourism.
In paragraph C, the author indicates that: “The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees.” So, the statement is TRUE.
6. NOT GIVEN
Question: Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
Keywords: tourism, 6 per cent, Australian gross national product.
The information about Australian tourism or the Australian gross national productis NOT mentioned in the passage. Even the word ‘Australia’ does not appear in the passage. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
7. NOT GIVEN
Question: Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
Keywords: social impact, recreation
The social impact of tourism is mentioned in paragraph C. However, in this paragraph, whether tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation or not is not specified. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
8. TRUE
Question: Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
Keywords: two features, economic significance, difficult.
At the beginning of paragraph D, the author argues that “The major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself”. So, two features of the travel and tourism industry which are the diversity and fragmentation have hidden its economic impact. The statement is TRUE.
– economic significance=economic impact
– hide/obscure=make…difficult to ascertain
9. NOT GIVEN
Question: Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
Keywords: visitor spending, greater, resident spending.
There is no specific information about either visitor spending or resident spending in the text. So, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
10. FALSE
Question: It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Keywords: easy, statistically, affect economies.
At the end of paragraph E, “However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact.” This means that it is not easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies because of problems of definition. So, the statement is FALSE.
– show statistically=provide precise, valid or reliable data
11. source of income
Question: In Greece, tourism is the most important……………
Keywords: Greece, most important
Greece is mentioned in the last paragraph: “For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece…”
– the most important=major
12. employer
Question: The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major……………
Keywords: Jamaica, the major
In the last paragraph, “the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil…Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore…”
– major=number one ranked
13. domestic tourism
Question: The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of…………….
Keywords: problems, measurement of
In the last paragraph, “However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.”
– problem=difficulty
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